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Pivotal Greenplum® Database 4.3.14.1 Documentation
Release Notes
Greenplum Database 4.3.14.1 Release Notes
Greenplum Database 4.3.14.0 Release Notes
Greenplum Database 4.3.x Resolved Issues
Installation Guide
Preface
Introduction to Greenplum
The Greenplum Master
The Segments
The Interconnect
ETL Hosts for Data Loading
Greenplum Performance Monitor
Estimating Storage Capacity
Calculating Usable Disk Capacity
Calculating User Data Size
Calculating Space Requirements for Metadata and Logs
Configuring Your Systems and Installing Greenplum
System Requirements
Setting the Greenplum Recommended OS Parameters
Running the Greenplum Installer
Installing and Configuring Greenplum on all Hosts
Installing Oracle Compatibility Functions
Installing Greenplum Database Extensions
Creating the Data Storage Areas
Creating a Data Storage Area on the Master Host
Creating Data Storage Areas on Segment Hosts
Synchronizing System Clocks
Enabling iptables
Amazon EC2 Configuration (Amazon Web Services)
Next Steps
Validating Your Systems
Validating OS Settings
Validating Hardware Performance
Validating Network Performance
Validating Disk I/O and Memory Bandwidth
Configuring Localization Settings
Initializing a Greenplum Database System
Installation Management Utilities
gpactivatestandby
gpaddmirrors
gpcheck
gpcheckperf
gpdeletesystem
gpinitstandby
gpinitsystem
gppkg
gpscp
gpseginstall
gpssh-exkeys
gpssh
gpstart
gpstop
gptransfer
Greenplum Environment Variables
Required Environment Variables
Optional Environment Variables
Administrator Guide
Greenplum Database Concepts
About the Greenplum Architecture
About Management and Monitoring Utilities
About Concurrency Control in Greenplum Database
Example of Managing Transaction IDs
About Parallel Data Loading
About Redundancy and Failover in Greenplum Database
About Database Statistics in Greenplum Database
Managing a Greenplum System
Starting and Stopping Greenplum Database
Accessing the Database
Establishing a Database Session
Supported Client Applications
Greenplum Database Client Applications
Connecting with psql
pgAdmin III for Greenplum Database
Installing pgAdmin III for Greenplum Database
Documentation for pgAdmin III for Greenplum Database
Performing Administrative Tasks with pgAdmin III
Editing the Server Configuration
Viewing a Graphical Query Plan
Using the PgBouncer Connection Pooler
Database Application Interfaces
Third-Party Client Tools
Troubleshooting Connection Problems
Configuring the Greenplum Database System
About Greenplum Database Master and Local Parameters
Setting Configuration Parameters
Setting a Local Configuration Parameter
Setting a Master Configuration Parameter
Setting Parameters at the System Level
Setting Parameters at the Database Level
Setting Parameters at the Role Level
Setting Parameters in a Session
Viewing Server Configuration Parameter Settings
Configuration Parameter Categories
Connection and Authentication Parameters
Connection Parameters
Security and Authentication Parameters
System Resource Consumption Parameters
Memory Consumption Parameters
Free Space Map Parameters
OS Resource Parameters
Cost-Based Vacuum Delay Parameters
Transaction ID Management Parameters
Query Tuning Parameters
GPORCA Configuration Parameters
Query Plan Operator Control Parameters
Legacy Query Optimizer Costing Parameters
Database Statistics Sampling Parameters
Sort Operator Configuration Parameters
Aggregate Operator Configuration Parameters
Join Operator Configuration Parameters
Other Legacy Query Optimizer Configuration Parameters
Error Reporting and Logging Parameters
Log Rotation
When to Log
What to Log
System Monitoring Parameters
SNMP Alerts
Email Alerts
Greenplum Command Center Agent
Runtime Statistics Collection Parameters
Automatic Statistics Collection Parameters
Client Connection Default Parameters
Statement Behavior Parameters
Locale and Formatting Parameters
Other Client Default Parameters
Lock Management Parameters
Workload Management Parameters
External Table Parameters
Database Table Parameters
Database and Tablespace/Filespace Parameters
Past PostgreSQL Version Compatibility Parameters
Greenplum Array Configuration Parameters
Interconnect Configuration Parameters
Dispatch Configuration Parameters
Fault Operation Parameters
Distributed Transaction Management Parameters
Read-Only Parameters
Greenplum Master and Segment Mirroring Parameters
Greenplum Database Extension Parameters
Enabling High Availability Features
Overview of Greenplum Database High Availability
Overview of Segment Mirroring
Overview of Master Mirroring
Overview of Fault Detection and Recovery
Enabling Mirroring in Greenplum Database
Enabling Segment Mirroring
Enabling Master Mirroring
Detecting a Failed Segment
Enabling Alerts and Notifications
Checking for Failed Segments
Checking the Log Files for Failed Segments
Recovering a Failed Segment
Recovering From Segment Failures
When a segment host is not recoverable
About the Segment Recovery Process
Recovering a Failed Master
Restoring Master Mirroring After a Recovery
Backing Up and Restoring Databases
Backup and Restore Overview
Backing Up with gpcrondump
Backing Up a Set of Tables
Creating Incremental Backups
Backup Process and Locks
Using Direct I/O
Using Named Pipes
Backing Up Databases with Data Domain Boost
Backing Up Databases with Veritas NetBackup
Restoring Greenplum Databases
Restoring a Database Using gpdbrestore
Restoring to a Different Greenplum System Configuration
Expanding a Greenplum System
System Expansion Overview
Planning Greenplum System Expansion
Preparing and Adding Nodes
Initializing New Segments
Redistributing Tables
Removing the Expansion Schema
Migrating Data with gptransfer
Monitoring a Greenplum System
Routine System Maintenance Tasks
Recommended Monitoring and Maintenance Tasks
Managing Greenplum Database Access
Configuring Client Authentication
Using LDAP Authentication with TLS/SSL
Using Kerberos Authentication
Configuring Kerberos For Windows Clients
Managing Roles and Privileges
Configuring IPsec for Greenplum Database
Working with Databases
Defining Database Objects
Creating and Managing Databases
Creating and Managing Tablespaces
Creating and Managing Schemas
Creating and Managing Tables
Choosing the Table Storage Model
Partitioning Large Tables
Creating and Using Sequences
Using Indexes in Greenplum Database
Creating and Managing Views
Managing Data
Loading and Unloading Data
Working with File-Based External Tables
Accessing File-Based External Tables
file:// Protocol
gpfdist:// Protocol
gpfdists:// Protocol
gphdfs:// Protocol
s3:// Protocol
Using a Custom Protocol
Handling Errors in External Table Data
Using the Greenplum Parallel File Server (gpfdist)
About gpfdist Setup and Performance
Controlling Segment Parallelism
Installing gpfdist
Starting and Stopping gpfdist
Troubleshooting gpfdist
Using Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) Tables
One-time HDFS Protocol Installation
Grant Privileges for the HDFS Protocol
Specify HDFS Data in an External Table Definition
Setting Compression Options for Hadoop Writable External Tables
HDFS Readable and Writable External Table Examples
Reading and Writing Custom-Formatted HDFS Data
Example 1 - Read Custom-Formatted Data from HDFS
Sample MapReduce Code
Run CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
Example 2 - Write Custom-Formatted Data from Greenplum Database to HDFS
MapReduce Sample Code
About gphdfs JVM Memory
Using Amazon EMR with Greenplum Database installed on AWS
Support for Avro Files
Support for Parquet Files
Creating and Using Web External Tables
Command-based Web External Tables
URL-based Web External Tables
Loading Data Using an External Table
Loading and Writing Non-HDFS Custom Data
Using a Custom Format
Importing and Exporting Fixed Width Data
Examples: Read Fixed-Width Data
Using a Custom Protocol
Creating External Tables - Examples
Example 1—Single gpfdist instance on single-NIC machine
Example 2—Multiple gpfdist instances
Example 3—Multiple gpfdists instances
Example 4—Single gpfdist instance with error logging
Example 5—TEXT Format on a Hadoop Distributed File Server
Example 6—Multiple files in CSV format with header rows
Example 7—Readable Web External Table with Script
Example 8—Writable External Table with gpfdist
Example 9—Writable External Web Table with Script
Example 10—Readable and Writable External Tables with XML Transformations
Handling Load Errors
Define an External Table with Single Row Error Isolation
Capture Row Formatting Errors and Declare a Reject Limit
Viewing Bad Rows in the Error Table or Error Log
Identifying Invalid CSV Files in Error Table Data
Moving Data between Tables
Loading Data with gpload
Loading Data with COPY
Running COPY in Single Row Error Isolation Mode
Optimizing Data Load and Query Performance
Unloading Data from Greenplum Database
Defining a File-Based Writable External Table
Example 1—Greenplum file server (gpfdist)
Example 2—Hadoop file server (gphdfs)
Defining a Command-Based Writable External Web Table
Disabling EXECUTE for Web or Writable External Tables
Unloading Data Using a Writable External Table
Unloading Data Using COPY
Transforming XML Data
Determine the Transformation Schema
Write a Transform
Write the gpfdist Configuration
Load the Data
Transfer and Store the Data
Transforming with GPLOAD
Transforming with INSERT INTO SELECT FROM
Configuration File Format
XML Transformation Examples
Command-based Web External Tables
Example 2 - IRS MeF XML Files (In demo Directory)
Example 3 - WITSML™ Files (In demo Directory)
Formatting Data Files
Formatting Rows
Formatting Columns
Representing NULL Values
Escaping
Escaping in Text Formatted Files
Escaping in CSV Formatted Files
Character Encoding
Example Custom Data Access Protocol
Installing the External Table Protocol
gpextprotocal.c
Querying Data
About Greenplum Query Processing
About GPORCA
Overview of GPORCA
Enabling GPORCA
Considerations when Using GPORCA
GPORCA Features and Enhancements
Changed Behavior with the GPORCA
GPORCA Limitations
Determining the Query Optimizer that is Used
About Uniform Multi-level Partitioned Tables
Defining Queries
Using Functions and Operators
Query Performance
Managing Spill Files Generated by Queries
Query Profiling
Managing Performance
Defining Database Performance
Common Causes of Performance Issues
Workload Management with Resource Queues
Investigating a Performance Problem
Utility Guide
Preface
Management Utility Reference
analyzedb
gpactivatestandby
gpaddmirrors
gpbitmapreindex
gpcheck
gpcheckcat
gpcheckperf
gpconfig
gpcrondump
gpdbrestore
gpdeletesystem
gpexpand
gpfdist
gpfilespace
gpinitstandby
gpinitsystem
gpload
gplogfilter
gpmapreduce
gpmfr
gpmigrator
gpmigrator_mirror
gpperfmon_install
gppkg
gprecoverseg
gpreload
gpscp
gpseginstall
gpssh
gpssh-exkeys
gpstart
gpstate
gpstop
gpsys1
gptransfer
pgbouncer
Client Utility Reference
Client Utility Summary
clusterdb
createdb
createuser
dropdb
droplang
dropuser
createlang
pg_config
pg_dump
pg_dumpall
pg_restore
psql
reindexdb
vacuumdb
Oracle Compatibility Functions
Reference Guide
Preface
SQL Command Reference
SQL Syntax Summary
ABORT
ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
ALTER FILESPACE
ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER PROTOCOL
ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE
ALTER ROLE
ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER
ANALYZE
BEGIN
CHECKPOINT
CLOSE
CLUSTER
COMMENT
COMMIT
COPY
CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST
CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE PROTOCOL
CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE
CREATE ROLE
CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER
CREATE VIEW
DEALLOCATE
DECLARE
DELETE
DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST
DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN
DROP EXTERNAL TABLE
DROP FILESPACE
DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE
DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OWNED
DROP PROTOCOL
DROP RESOURCE QUEUE
DROP ROLE
DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TYPE
DROP USER
DROP VIEW
END
EXECUTE
EXPLAIN
FETCH
GRANT
INSERT
LOAD
LOCK
MOVE
PREPARE
REASSIGN OWNED
REINDEX
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
RESET
REVOKE
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT
SELECT
SELECT INTO
SET
SET ROLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION
SHOW
START TRANSACTION
TRUNCATE
UPDATE
VACUUM
VALUES
SQL 2008 Optional Feature Compliance
Greenplum Environment Variables
System Catalog Reference
System Tables
System Views
System Catalogs Definitions
gp_configuration_history
gp_db_interfaces
gp_distributed_log
gp_distributed_xacts
gp_distribution_policy
gpexpand.expansion_progress
gpexpand.status
gpexpand.status_detail
gp_fastsequence
gp_fault_strategy
gp_global_sequence
gp_id
gp_interfaces
gp_persistent_database_node
gp_persistent_filespace_node
gp_persistent_relation_node
gp_persistent_tablespace_node
gp_pgdatabase
gp_relation_node
gp_resqueue_status
gp_san_configuration
gp_segment_configuration
gp_transaction_log
gp_version_at_initdb
pg_aggregate
pg_am
pg_amop
pg_amproc
pg_appendonly
pg_attrdef
pg_attribute
pg_attribute_encoding
pg_auth_members
pg_authid
pg_cast
pg_class
pg_compression
pg_constraint
pg_conversion
pg_database
pg_depend
pg_description
pg_exttable
pg_filespace
pg_filespace_entry
pg_index
pg_inherits
pg_language
pg_largeobject
pg_listener
pg_locks
pg_namespace
pg_opclass
pg_operator
pg_partition
pg_partition_columns
pg_partition_encoding
pg_partition_rule
pg_partition_templates
pg_partitions
pg_pltemplate
pg_proc
pg_resourcetype
pg_resqueue
pg_resqueue_attributes
pg_resqueuecapability
pg_rewrite
pg_roles
pg_shdepend
pg_shdescription
pg_stat_activity
pg_stat_last_operation
pg_stat_last_shoperation
pg_stat_operations
pg_stat_partition_operations
pg_stat_replication
pg_statistic
pg_stat_resqueues
pg_tablespace
pg_trigger
pg_type
pg_type_encoding
pg_user_mapping
pg_window
The gp_toolkit Administrative Schema
Checking for Tables that Need Routine Maintenance
Checking for Locks
Checking Append-Optimized Tables
Viewing Greenplum Database Server Log Files
Checking Server Configuration Files
Checking for Failed Segments
Checking Resource Queue Activity and Status
Checking Query Disk Spill Space Usage
Viewing Users and Groups (Roles)
Checking Database Object Sizes and Disk Space
Checking for Uneven Data Distribution
gpperfmon Database Reference
database_*
diskspace_*
emcconnect_history
filerep_*
iterators_*
Iterator Metrics
log_alert_*
network_interface_*
queries_*
segment_*
socket_*
system_*
tcp_*
udp_*
dynamic_memory_info
iterators_*_rollup
memory_info
Greenplum Database Data Types
Character Set Support
Server Configuration Parameters
Parameter Types and Values
Setting Parameters
Parameter Categories
Configuration Parameters
add_missing_from
application_name
array_nulls
authentication_timeout
backslash_quote
block_size
bonjour_name
check_function_bodies
client_encoding
client_min_messages
cpu_index_tuple_cost
cpu_operator_cost
cpu_tuple_cost
cursor_tuple_fraction
custom_variable_classes
DateStyle
db_user_namespace
deadlock_timeout
debug_assertions
debug_pretty_print
debug_print_parse
debug_print_plan
debug_print_prelim_plan
debug_print_rewritten
debug_print_slice_table
default_statistics_target
default_tablespace
default_transaction_isolation
default_transaction_read_only
dynamic_library_path
effective_cache_size
enable_bitmapscan
enable_groupagg
enable_hashagg
enable_hashjoin
enable_indexscan
enable_mergejoin
enable_nestloop
enable_seqscan
enable_sort
enable_tidscan
escape_string_warning
explain_pretty_print
extra_float_digits
filerep_mirrorvalidation_during_resync
from_collapse_limit
gp_adjust_selectivity_for_outerjoins
gp_analyze_relative_error
gp_appendonly_compaction
gp_appendonly_compaction_threshold
gp_autostats_mode
gp_autostats_mode_in_functions
gp_autostats_on_change_threshold
gp_backup_directIO
gp_backup_directIO_read_chunk_mb
gp_cached_segworkers_threshold
gp_command_count
gp_connectemc_mode
gp_connection_send_timeout
gp_connections_per_thread
gp_content
gp_create_table_random_default_distribution
gp_dbid
gp_debug_linger
gp_default_storage_options
gp_dynamic_partition_pruning
gp_email_from
gp_email_smtp_password
gp_email_smtp_server
gp_email_smtp_userid
gp_email_to
gp_enable_adaptive_nestloop
gp_enable_agg_distinct
gp_enable_agg_distinct_pruning
gp_enable_direct_dispatch
gp_enable_exchange_default_partition
gp_enable_fallback_plan
gp_enable_fast_sri
gp_enable_gpperfmon
gp_enable_groupext_distinct_gather
gp_enable_groupext_distinct_pruning
gp_enable_multiphase_agg
gp_enable_predicate_propagation
gp_enable_preunique
gp_enable_relsize_collection
gp_enable_sequential_window_plans
gp_enable_sort_distinct
gp_enable_sort_limit
gp_external_enable_exec
gp_external_grant_privileges
gp_external_max_segs
gp_filerep_tcp_keepalives_count
gp_filerep_tcp_keepalives_idle
gp_filerep_tcp_keepalives_interval
gp_fts_probe_interval
gp_fts_probe_retries
gp_fts_probe_threadcount
gp_fts_probe_timeout
gp_gpperfmon_send_interval
gpperfmon_log_alert_level
gp_hadoop_home
gp_hadoop_target_version
gp_hashjoin_tuples_per_bucket
gp_idf_deduplicate
gp_initial_bad_row_limit
gp_interconnect_fc_method
gp_interconnect_hash_multiplier
gp_interconnect_queue_depth
gp_interconnect_setup_timeout
gp_interconnect_snd_queue_depth
gp_interconnect_type
gp_log_format
gp_log_fts
gp_log_gang
gp_max_csv_line_length
gp_max_databases
gp_max_filespaces
gp_max_local_distributed_cache
gp_max_packet_size
gp_max_plan_size
gp_max_tablespaces
gp_motion_cost_per_row
gp_num_contents_in_cluster
gp_reject_percent_threshold
gp_reraise_signal
gp_resqueue_memory_policy
gp_resqueue_priority
gp_resqueue_priority_cpucores_per_segment
gp_resqueue_priority_sweeper_interval
gp_role
gp_safefswritesize
gp_segment_connect_timeout
gp_segments_for_planner
gp_session_id
gp_set_proc_affinity
gp_set_read_only
gp_snmp_community
gp_snmp_monitor_address
gp_snmp_use_inform_or_trap
gp_statistics_pullup_from_child_partition
gp_statistics_use_fkeys
gp_strict_xml_parse
gp_vmem_idle_resource_timeout
gp_vmem_protect_limit
gp_vmem_protect_segworker_cache_limit
gp_workfile_checksumming
gp_workfile_compress_algorithm
gp_workfile_limit_files_per_query
gp_workfile_limit_per_query
gp_workfile_limit_per_segment
gpperfmon_port
integer_datetimes
IntervalStyle
join_collapse_limit
keep_wal_segments
krb_caseins_users
krb_server_keyfile
krb_srvname
lc_collate
lc_ctype
lc_messages
lc_monetary
lc_numeric
lc_time
listen_addresses
local_preload_libraries
log_autostats
log_connections
log_disconnections
log_dispatch_stats
log_duration
log_error_verbosity
log_executor_stats
log_hostname
log_min_duration_statement
log_min_error_statement
log_min_messages
log_parser_stats
log_planner_stats
log_rotation_age
log_rotation_size
log_statement
log_statement_stats
log_timezone
log_truncate_on_rotation
max_appendonly_tables
max_connections
max_files_per_process
max_fsm_pages
max_fsm_relations
max_function_args
max_identifier_length
max_index_keys
max_locks_per_transaction
max_prepared_transactions
max_resource_portals_per_transaction
max_resource_queues
max_stack_depth
max_statement_mem
optimizer
optimizer_array_expansion_threshold
optimizer_analyze_root_partition
optimizer_control
optimizer_cte_inlining_bound
optimizer_enable_master_only_queries
optimizer_force_multistage_agg
optimizer_force_three_stage_scalar_dqa
optimizer_join_order_threshold
optimizer_minidump
optimizer_nestloop_factor
optimizer_parallel_union
optimizer_print_missing_stats
optimizer_print_optimization_stats
optimizer_sort_factor
password_encryption
password_hash_algorithm
pgcrypto.fips
pgstat_track_activity_query_size
pljava_classpath
pljava_classpath_insecure
pljava_statement_cache_size
pljava_release_lingering_savepoints
pljava_vmoptions
port
random_page_cost
readable_external_table_timeout
repl_catchup_within_range
replication_timeout
regex_flavor
resource_cleanup_gangs_on_wait
resource_select_only
runaway_detector_activation_percent
search_path
seq_page_cost
server_encoding
server_version
server_version_num
shared_buffers
shared_preload_libraries
ssl
ssl_ciphers
standard_conforming_strings
statement_mem
statement_timeout
stats_queue_level
superuser_reserved_connections
tcp_keepalives_count
tcp_keepalives_idle
tcp_keepalives_interval
temp_buffers
TimeZone
timezone_abbreviations
track_activities
track_counts
transaction_isolation
transaction_read_only
transform_null_equals
unix_socket_directory
unix_socket_group
unix_socket_permissions
update_process_title
vacuum_cost_delay
vacuum_cost_limit
vacuum_cost_page_dirty
vacuum_cost_page_hit
vacuum_cost_page_miss
vacuum_freeze_min_age
validate_previous_free_tid
vmem_process_interrupt
writable_external_table_bufsize
xid_stop_limit
xid_warn_limit
Summary of Built-in Functions
Greenplum MapReduce Specification
Greenplum PL/pgSQL Procedural Language
Greenplum PostGIS Extension
Greenplum PL/R Language Extension
Greenplum PL/Python Language Extension
Greenplum PL/Java Language Extension
Greenplum MADlib Extension for Analytics
Greenplum Fuzzy String Match Extension
Summary of Greenplum Features
UNIX Client Documentation
Client Tools for UNIX
Installing the Greenplum Client Tools
Client Tools Reference
gpmapreduce
psql
SQL Syntax Summary
Load Tools for UNIX
Installing the Greenplum Load Tools
Load Tools Reference
gpfdist
gpload
SQL Syntax Summary
Connectivity Tools for UNIX
Greenplum Database 4.3 Connectivity Tools for UNIX
Windows Client Documentation
Client Tools for Windows
Installing the Greenplum Client Tools
Running the Greenplum Client Tools
Client Tools Reference
psql.exe
SQL Syntax Summary
Load Tools for Windows
Installing Greenplum Loader
Running Greenplum Loader
Loader Program Reference
gpload.py
gpfdist.exe
SQL Syntax Summary
Connectivity Tools for Windows
Greenplum Database 4.3 Connectivity Tools for Windows
LATEST VERSION: 5.9 -
RELEASE NOTES
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Knowledge Base
Transaction ID Management Parameters
Transaction ID Management Parameters
xid_stop_limit
xid_warn_limit
Parent topic:
System Resource Consumption Parameters
